The Wiener Werkstaette, established in 1903 by the graphic designer and painter Koloman Moser, the architect Josef Hoffmann and the patron Fritz Waerndorfer, was a productive association in Vienna, Austria.

The stone pine, botanical name Pinus pinea, also known as the Italian stone pine, umbrella pine and parasol pine, is a tree from the pine family.

The Vienna Workshop was dedicated to the artistic production of utilitarian items in a wide range of media, including metalwork, leatherwork, bookbinding, woodworking, ceramics, postcards and graphic art, and jewelry.

In coastal California, for example, where it is known popularly as the Italian stone pine in tree guidebooks since 1956, this evergreen is widely grown from Hollywood to Palisades Park, to Sylmar in the northern San Fernando Valley, and in Marina del Rey, after World War II.

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Western Asia.

The Swiss stone pine - Pinus cembra, also called Arbe, Arve, Zirbe or Zirbel, is a plant species from the pine family - Pinaceae. Their homeland are the Alps and the Carpathians.

The term Zirbe or Zirm for this type of pine is common in Austria and Bavaria. Until the 16th century, however, the name referred only to their cones.

It derives from the Middle High German zirben, which translates to swirl or go around in circles. The suffix cembra was assigned by Linnaeus after the vernacular names common in Europe. 

The enterprise evolved from the Vienna Secession, founded in 1897 as a progressive alliance of artists and designers.

From the start, the Secession had placed special emphasis on the applied arts, and its 1900 exhibition surveying the work of contemporary European design workshops.

The stone pine is an evergreen tree that can grow to a height of 25 meters and a diameter of up to 1.7 meters at breast height.

The Workshop derived inspiration from the rich tradition of the glorious past with fine workmanship and high attention to detail, hearkening back to a more civilized, and secure, time.

The pine is monoecious and has separate sexes - monoecious, with self-fertilization being possible. She becomes male when she is free at about 40 years; in dense stands later.

In architectural commissions such as the Sanatorium Purkersdorf and the Palais Stoclet in Brussels, the Wiener Werkstaette was able to realize its ideal of the Gesamtkunstwerk .

In the 13th and 14th centuries, the term levante was used for Italian maritime commerce in the Eastern Mediterranean, including Greece, Anatolia, Syria-Palestine, and Egypt, that is, the lands east of Venice.

The larger sub-area is in the Alps with a focus on the continental Central Alps. The western border is formed by the Maritime Alps and the Dauphine in France, while the eastern border is at the Gamsstein in the Ybbstal Alps

With its avant-garde, artistic, yet timeless designs, the Wiener-Werkstaette-Stil influenced generations of architects and designers in the 20th century.

It is extremely resistant to abiotic hazards such as avalanches, erosion and wet snow. It is reasonably resistant to ozone and sulfur dioxide.

The Bauhaus in Germany, Art Deco in America from 1920 to 1940, Scandinavian design from 1940-1960, as well as Italian design  between 1960 and 1980, were all strongly influenced by the Wiener Werkstaette.

The Maritime Alps - French: Alpes Maritimes; Italian: Alpi Marittime are a mountain range in the southwestern part of the Alps.

Among the innovators were the Austrian designers Gisela Falke von Lilienstein and Else Unger, and the Viennese architect Josef Hoffmann.